What are the two main driving forces of evolution according to Charles Darwin?

The two main driving forces of evolution, according to Charles Darwin, are natural selection and descent with modification. Natural selection is the process through which certain traits become more prevalent in a population due to their advantages in survival and reproduction. Individuals with favorable adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing these traits to future generations.

Descent with modification refers to the way species evolve over time, with changes accumulating through generations. This concept illustrates that contemporary species are related to their ancestors but have changed due to various factors, including environmental pressures and the genetic variations that arise.

This foundational understanding of evolution emphasizes how species adapt to their environments over time, leading to the diversity of life we see today. The other options present various concepts related to evolution, but they do not encapsulate the primary mechanisms proposed by Darwin.