Which of the following kingdoms includes organisms such as bacteria and archaea?

The kingdom that includes organisms such as bacteria and archaea is Monera. This classification encompasses prokaryotic organisms, which are characterized by the lack of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria, the most well-known members of this kingdom, can be found in a diverse range of environments and play crucial roles in ecosystems, human health, and various biogeochemical cycles. Archaea, which is another group within this kingdom, are often found in extreme environments and share some similarities with bacteria but have distinct biochemical and genetic characteristics.

The other kingdoms listed do not include bacteria or archaea. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that primarily decompose organic matter and include molds and mushrooms. Plantae encompasses all plants, which are also eukaryotic and primarily photosynthetic. Animalia includes all animals, which are eukaryotic and typically heterotrophic, meaning they consume organic material for energy. Thus, Monera is the only kingdom that includes the prokaryotic organisms of bacteria and archaea.