Which type of cellular process involves the host cell being killed to release new viral particles?

The correct choice encompasses the process known as the lytic cycle, which is a method of viral replication. During the lytic cycle, a virus infects a host cell and hijacks the cell's machinery to produce multiple copies of itself. This process eventually leads to the overwhelming of the host cell, causing it to burst or lyse. As the host cell ruptures, newly formed viral particles are released into the environment, allowing them to infect adjacent cells and continue the cycle.

In contrast, the lysogenic cycle involves the integration of the viral genome into the host cell’s DNA, allowing it to replicate alongside the host without immediately causing cell death. Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes and does not relate to viral processes. Budding is a form of viral replication where new virions are formed by pinching off from the host cell membrane, which typically doesn't result in immediate death of the host cell. Thus, the lytic cycle is distinctly characterized by the destruction of the host cell to release new viruses, making it the appropriate answer.